1. Conceptual Foundation

Meaning and Purpose

Human Development is defined as the process of enlarging people's choices, capabilities, and freedoms to enable them to lead long, healthy, educated, and creative lives with self-respect and guaranteed human rights. Traditional macroeconomic accounting focused exclusively on quantitative economic growth (GDP or Per Capita Income). However, higher income does not automatically guarantee better health, education, gender parity, or environmental quality. To evaluate true human well-being, economists developed Human Development Indicators—composite statistical tools that combine physical, educational, social, and economic parameters into standardized indices (PQLI, HDI, MPI, GII, GDI). The primary purpose of these indicators is to shift development policy away from mere capital accumulation toward human-centric capability building, targeted social spending, and inclusive policy design.

Importance

In competitive civil services examinations (TGPSC / UPSC), Unit 9.3 is a high-frequency, top-yield topic. Exam questions consistently evaluate:

1. Evolution of human development metrics (Morris D. Morris's PQLI vs. UNDP's HDI formulated by Mahbub-ul-Haq and Amartya Sen).
2. The three core dimensions, four indicators, goalposts, and geometric mean calculation of the Human Development Index (HDI).
3. Comparative indices introduced in the 2010 Human Development Report (HDR): Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI), Gender Inequality Index (GII), and Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI).
4. Structure of the Global MPI (UNDP/OPHI) vs. NITI Aayog's National MPI (3 dimensions, 12 indicators, NFHS data).
5. Specialized metrics: Gender Development Index (GDI), Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM), Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI), Gross National Happiness (GNH), and Green GDP.
6. Empirical standings: India's latest HDI score/rank (Rank 130 to 134, Medium Human Development category), Telangana's State HDI (First HDR report 2017), and Telangana's Multidimensional Poverty Rate (5.88% in NFHS-5).

How Concepts Connect

1. Economic Growth vs. Human Development: Economic growth (GDP expansion) is a quantitative tool (means), whereas Human Development is a qualitative outcome (end). Without spending GDP gains on public health, schools, and sanitation, growth fails to translate into human development.
2. HDI as the Master Composite Index: HDI measures average national achievement in health, education, and income. However, because HDI averages mask internal disparities, the UNDP introduced IHDI (discounting HDI for internal inequality) and GII / GDI (measuring gender gaps in human capability).
3. From Income Poverty to Multidimensional Deprivation: Traditional poverty lines measure calorie intake or monthly expenditure. MPI complements this by tracking overlapping real-world deprivations across health, education, and living standards at the individual household level.
4. Data to Policy Feedback: Findings from national MPI and HDI reports direct state budget outlays toward primary healthcare, maternal nutrition, school retention, and rural housing schemes (e.g., KCR Kit, Mana Ooru-Mana Badi, Aasara Pensions in Telangana).

Key Terms

1. Human Development: A holistic framework expanding human choices, capabilities, and well-being by improving health, education, and living standards.
2. Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI): A non-income composite index developed in 1979 by Morris D. Morris combining Infant Mortality Rate, Life Expectancy at Age 1, and Basic Literacy.
3. Human Development Index (HDI): A summary composite index created by Mahbub-ul-Haq and Amartya Sen for the UNDP in 1990, measuring average achievement in health, knowledge, and standard of living.
4. Inequality-Adjusted HDI (IHDI): A metric that discounts the national HDI score based on the level of internal inequality across health, education, and income distribution.
5. Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI): An index developed by UNDP and OPHI measuring acute, overlapping deprivations experienced by individuals across 3 dimensions and 10 (or 12 in India's National MPI) indicators.
6. Gender Inequality Index (GII): A composite measure reflecting loss in human development due to gender disparities in reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market participation.
7. Gender Development Index (GDI): The ratio of female-to-male HDI scores, evaluating gender gaps in human development achievements.
8. Gross National Happiness (GNH): A holistic development framework established by Bhutan in 1972 prioritizing spiritual, cultural, and environmental well-being alongside economic growth.
9. Capability Approach: An economic welfare theory formulated by Amartya Sen asserting that development should be evaluated by what people are actually capable of doing and being.
10. Gender Budgeting: A fiscal policy tool that analyzes national/state budget allocations through a gender lens to ensure equitable development benefits reach women.

Short Timeline of Human Development Milestones

1. 1972: King Jigme Singye Wangchuck of Bhutan coined the concept of Gross National Happiness (GNH).
2. 1979: Morris David Morris created the Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI) for the Overseas Development Council.
3. 1990: The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) published its landmark First Human Development Report (HDR) under the stewardship of Mahbub-ul-Haq and Amartya Sen.
4. 1995: UNDP introduced the Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) and Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) in the 1995 HDR.
5. 1997: UNDP introduced the Human Poverty Index (HPI-1 for developing / HPI-2 for industrial nations).
6. 2010 (20th Anniversary HDR): UNDP modernized its methodology:
   • Shifted HDI calculation from Arithmetic Mean to Geometric Mean.
   • Replaced HPI with the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) created with OPHI.
   • Introduced IHDI and Gender Inequality Index (GII).
7. 2017: Publication of the First Human Development Report of Telangana State (2017).
8. 2021: NITI Aayog launched the National Multidimensional Poverty Index (National MPI) baseline report using NFHS-4 data.
9. 2023: NITI Aayog published the National MPI Progress Review 2023 (using NFHS-5 data), recording a sharp fall in Telangana's multidimensional poverty to 5.88%.
10. 2024–2025: Global HDR records India's HDI score at 0.685 (Rank 130 to 134 out of 193 nations) under the Medium Human Development category.

2. Complete Core Notes

A. Definitions & Basic Ideas: Growth vs. Human Capital vs. Human Development

1. Economic Growth: A quantitative, one-dimensional measure reflecting an increase in real national output, GDP, or per capita income. It tracks the volume of market transactions but ignores income distribution, healthcare quality, and social freedom.
2. Human Capital: Population viewed as a productive input or economic factor. Investing in education, vocational training, and health increases labor productivity and national output. Human capital treats human beings as a means to higher production.
3. Human Development: A qualitative, multi-dimensional concept where human well-being, freedom, and agency are the primary objectives. Education and health are valued as essential human rights rather than merely tools for economic productivity. Human development treats human beings as the ultimate end of all development.

B. Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI)

1. Origin & Developer: Created in 1979 by Morris David Morris for the Overseas Development Council as an early alternative to GDP per capita.
2. Three Equal-Weighted Indicators:
   • Infant Mortality Rate (IMR).
   • Life Expectancy at Age 1 (Note: Measured at Age 1, NOT at birth).
   • Basic Literacy Rate (for population aged 15 and above).
3. Scoring Scale: Each indicator is scaled from 1 (worst performance) to 100 (best performance). PQLI is calculated as the simple Arithmetic Mean of the three scaled values: PQLI = (IMR Index + Life Expectancy Index + Basic Literacy Index) / 3
4. Key Feature & Limitation:
   • Key Feature: Completely excludes Income / GNP per capita. It focuses purely on physical and social outcomes.
   • Limitation: Ignores economic capability, structural inequality, employment, and political freedoms.

C. Human Development Index (HDI): Dimensions, Indicators & Calculation

1. Founders and Agency

• Conceptualized in 1990 by Pakistani economist Mahbub-ul-Haq and Indian Nobel laureate Amartya Sen.
• Published annually by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in its flagship Human Development Report (HDR).

2. Three Dimensions and Four Indicators of HDI (Modern Post-2010 Methodology)

1. Dimension 1: Long and Healthy Life (Health):
   • Indicator: Life Expectancy at Birth.
   • Goalposts: Minimum = 20 years; Maximum = 85 years.
2. Dimension 2: Access to Knowledge (Education):
   • Indicator 1: Mean Years of Schooling (Average number of years of education received by adults aged 25 years and older). Goalposts: Min = 0, Max = 15 years.
   • Indicator 2: Expected Years of Schooling (Total number of years of schooling a child of school-entrance age can expect to receive). Goalposts: Min = 0, Max = 18 years.
   • Sub-Index: Arithmetic average of normalized Mean Years and Expected Years of Schooling indices.
3. Dimension 3: Decent Standard of Living (Income):
   • Indicator: Gross National Income (GNI) Per Capita at Purchasing Power Parity (PPP in USD).
   • Goalposts: Minimum = USD 100; Maximum = USD 75,000.
   • Logarithmic Transformation: Uses natural logarithm ln(GNI per capita) because marginal utility of income diminishes as wealth increases.

3. Calculation Formula (Post-2010 New Method)

• Individual dimension indices are normalized on a 0-to-1 scale: Dimension Index = (Actual Value - Minimum Value) / (Maximum Value - Minimum Value)
• Composite HDI Formula: Calculated as the Geometric Mean of the three dimension indices (replacing the pre-2010 arithmetic mean to ensure that poor performance in one dimension cannot be easily substituted by high performance in another): HDI = (Health Index * Education Index * Income Index)^(1/3)
• The final HDI score ranges strictly between 0.000 (lowest) and 1.000 (highest).

4. Four Human Development Classification Tiers (UNDP)

1. Very High Human Development: HDI score of 0.800 and above.
2. High Human Development: HDI score between 0.700 and 0.799.
3. Medium Human Development: HDI score between 0.550 and 0.699. (India belongs to this category).
4. Low Human Development: HDI score below 0.550.

D. Complementary UNDP Human Development Indices (Post-2010)

1. Inequality-Adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)

• Introduced in 2010 to adjust the standard HDI for internal inequality in the distribution of health, education, and income across a country's population.
• Core Relationship:
  • If there is zero inequality, IHDI = HDI.
  • As inequality rises, IHDI drops below HDI.
  • The percentage loss in potential human development is calculated as: Percentage Loss = [(HDI - IHDI) / HDI] * 100

2. Gender Inequality Index (GII)

• Introduced in 2010 (replacing GEM) to reflect female disadvantage across three vital dimensions:
  1. Reproductive Health: Measured by Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) and Adolescent Birth Rate (ABR).
  2. Empowerment: Measured by share of parliamentary seats held by females and proportion of population (aged 25+) with at least secondary education.
  3. Labor Market Participation: Measured by Female Labor Force Participation Rate (FLPR) for population aged 15+.
• Scale: Ranges from 0 (complete gender equality) to 1 (complete gender inequality). Higher GII score indicates worse gender disparity.

3. Gender Development Index (GDI)

• Measures gender gaps in human development by calculating the ratio of female HDI to male HDI: GDI = Female HDI / Male HDI
• Values close to 1 indicate gender parity; values significantly below 1 reflect severe female under-achievement.

E. Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI): Global vs. National Framework

1. Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (Global MPI - UNDP & OPHI)

• Developed in 2010 by UNDP and the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), replacing the old Human Poverty Index (HPI).
• Structure: Uses 3 Dimensions and 10 Indicators:
  • Health (1/3 Weight): (1) Nutrition; (2) Child Mortality.
  • Education (1/3 Weight): (3) Years of Schooling; (4) School Attendance.
  • Living Standards (1/3 Weight): (5) Cooking Fuel; (6) Sanitation; (7) Drinking Water; (8) Electricity; (9) Housing/Flooring; (10) Assets.
• Multidimensional Deprivation Cutoff:
  • A household is classified as Multimensionally Poor if its cumulative deprivation score is 33.33% (1/3rd) or more of the total weighted indicators.
  • If deprivation score is >= 50%, the household lives in Severe Multidimensional Poverty.
  • If deprivation score is between 20% and 33.3%, the household is Vulnerable to Multidimensional Poverty.
• Mathematical Formula: MPI = H * A Where H = Headcount Ratio (percentage of population that is MPI poor), and A = Intensity of Poverty (average percentage of deprivations experienced by poor households).

2. NITI Aayog's National Multidimensional Poverty Index (National MPI - India)

• Nodal Agency: NITI Aayog (acting as the nodal agency for the Global Multidimensional Poverty Index project under the Cabinet Secretariat).
• Structure: Retains the 3 global dimensions but expands the indicators from 10 to 12 Indicators to align with Indian public policy priorities:
  • Health (1/3 Weight): (1) Nutrition; (2) Child & Adolescent Mortality; (3) Maternal Health (Added in National MPI).
  • Education (1/3 Weight): (4) Years of Schooling; (5) School Attendance.
  • Living Standards (1/3 Weight): (6) Cooking Fuel; (7) Sanitation; (8) Drinking Water; (9) Electricity; (10) Housing; (11) Assets; (12) Bank Account (Added in National MPI).
• Data Source: Uses household micro-data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) (NFHS-4 for baseline, NFHS-5 for 2023 review).

F. Other Holistic Well-Being Metrics

1. Gross National Happiness (GNH): Coined in 1972 by Bhutan's 4th King. Evaluates progress across 4 Pillars: (1) Sustainable and equitable socio-economic development; (2) Environmental conservation; (3) Preservation and promotion of culture; (4) Good governance.
2. Green GDP: Adjusts traditional GDP by monetizing and deducting the financial costs of environmental degradation, resource depletion, and carbon emissions.
3. World Happiness Report (WHR): Published annually by the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN). Evaluates self-reported life satisfaction across 6 variables: GDP per capita, social support, healthy life expectancy, freedom to make choices, generosity, and perception of corruption.

G. Indian & Telangana Context: Empirical Standings

1. India's Human Development Profile

• HDI Score & Rank (HDR 2023/24 - 2025 Update):
  • India's HDI score stands at 0.685, placing India at Rank 130 to 134 out of 193 nations.
  • Belongs to the Medium Human Development tier.
  • Indicator Values: Life Expectancy at Birth = 72.0 years; Expected Years of Schooling = 13.0 years; Mean Years of Schooling = 6.9 years; GNI Per Capita (PPP) = USD 9,047.
• Gender Inequality Index (GII): India ranks 102nd to 108th globally with a GII score of 0.403.
• National MPI Decline (NITI Aayog Progress Review 2023):
  • National multidimensional poverty fell from 24.85% (2015–16) to 14.96% (2019–21), lifting ~13.5 crore Indians out of poverty.

2. Telangana State Human Development & Poverty Profile

• First Telangana State Human Development Report (2017):
  • Published in 2017 by the Centre for Economic and Social Studies (CESS) and the Government of Telangana.
• Telangana Multidimensional Poverty Status (National MPI 2023 / NFHS-5):
  • Headcount Poverty Ratio (H): 5.88% of Telangana's population is multidimensionally poor (down from 13.18% in NFHS-4).
  • Intensity of Poverty (A): 31.25%.
  • Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI): 0.017 (or 0.073 in general index scoring).
  • Telangana ranks among the top performing states in India with exceptionally low multidimensional poverty, significantly outperforming the national average of 14.96%.

H. Plain-Text Formulas & Equations

1. PQLI Formula: PQLI = (IMR Index + Life Expectancy Index at Age 1 + Literacy Index) / 3

2. HDI Dimension Index (Normalized): Dimension Index = (Actual Value - Minimum Goalpost) / (Maximum Goalpost - Minimum Goalpost)

3. Composite HDI Formula (Post-2010 Geometric Mean): HDI = (Health Index * Education Index * Income Index)^(1/3)

4. Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI): MPI = Headcount Ratio (H) * Average Intensity of Poverty (A)

5. Gender Development Index (GDI): GDI = Female HDI Score / Male HDI Score

6. Percentage Loss in HDI due to Inequality: Percentage Loss = [(HDI Score - IHDI Score) / HDI Score] * 100

3. Key Concepts & Distinctions

Table 1: PQLI vs. Human Development Index (HDI)

Table 2: Global MPI (UNDP/OPHI) vs. National MPI (NITI Aayog India)

Table 3: Gender Inequality Index (GII) vs. Gender Development Index (GDI)

4. Important One-Liners

1. Human development prioritizes expanding human capabilities, choices, and freedoms over mere GDP expansion.
2. The Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI) was developed by Morris David Morris in 1979.
3. PQLI combines Infant Mortality Rate, Life Expectancy at Age 1, and Basic Literacy Rate.
4. PQLI completely excludes per capita income from its calculations.
5. The Human Development Index (HDI) was created in 1990 by Mahbub-ul-Haq and Amartya Sen.
6. The HDI is published annually by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in the Human Development Report.
7. HDI covers three dimensions: Health, Education, and Decent Standard of Living.
8. Post-2010, HDI is calculated using the Geometric Mean of its three dimension indices.
9. Health in HDI is measured by Life Expectancy at Birth (Goalposts: 20 to 85 years).
10. Education in HDI combines Mean Years of Schooling (adults 25+) and Expected Years of Schooling (children).
11. Standard of living in HDI is measured by GNI Per Capita at Purchasing Power Parity (PPP in USD).
12. The logarithm of per capita income is used in HDI due to the diminishing marginal utility of income.
13. India belongs to the Medium Human Development tier (HDI score between 0.550 and 0.699).
14. India's latest HDI score is 0.685, ranking 130th to 134th out of 193 countries.
15. Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI) discounts the national HDI score to account for internal inequality.
16. The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) was launched in 2010 by UNDP and OPHI, replacing HPI.
17. A household is multidimensionally poor if deprived in 33.33% (1/3rd) or more of weighted indicators.
18. Global MPI uses 3 dimensions and 10 indicators.
19. NITI Aayog's National MPI uses 3 dimensions and 12 indicators (adding Maternal Health and Bank Account).
20. National MPI data is sourced from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS).
21. According to NITI Aayog's 2023 Review (NFHS-5), Telangana's Multidimensional Poverty Rate is 5.88%.
22. Kerala has the lowest multidimensional poverty headcount ratio in India (0.55% to 0.71%).
23. Bihar has the highest multidimensional poverty headcount ratio in India (~33.76%).
24. The Gender Inequality Index (GII) ranges from 0 (perfect equality) to 1 (perfect inequality).
25. GII measures 3 dimensions: Reproductive Health, Empowerment, and Labor Market Participation.
26. Gender Development Index (GDI) is calculated as the ratio of Female HDI to Male HDI.
27. The first Telangana State Human Development Report was published in 2017.
28. Gross National Happiness (GNH) was introduced by the 4th King of Bhutan in 1972 based on 4 pillars.
29. Green GDP deducts the financial costs of environmental degradation and resource depletion from traditional GDP.
30. The World Happiness Report is published annually by the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN).

5. PYQ-Based Bits

• First Human Development Report of Telangana (TGPSC PL / GS Audit):
  • The first official Human Development Report for Telangana State was published in the year 2017 (prepared by CESS and Government of Telangana).
• Telangana Multidimensional Poverty Rate - NFHS-5 (TGPSC PL 2023 / AEE):
  • According to NITI Aayog's National MPI Progress Review 2023 (based on NFHS-5 data), Telangana's Multidimensional Poverty Headcount Ratio (HCR) dropped to 5.88% (with an intensity of poverty at 31.25% and an MPI score of 0.073 / 0.017).
• India's Human Development Index Rank (TGPSC VAS 2023):
  • In recent UNDP Human Development Reports, India's HDI rank fluctuates between 130th and 134th out of 193 countries, placing it in the Medium Human Development group.
• Founders of Human Development Index (UPSC / State PSCs):
  • The Human Development Index was developed in 1990 by Pakistani economist Mahbub-ul-Haq and Indian Nobel laureate Amartya Sen under the UNDP.
• PQLI Indicators vs. Income Exclusion (UPSC / State PSCs):
  • Morris D. Morris's Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI) includes Infant Mortality Rate, Life Expectancy at Age 1, and Basic Literacy. It explicitly EXCLUDES Per Capita Income.
• Indicators of Global MPI (UPSC 2012, 2021):
  • The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) measures deprivations across Health, Education, and Living Standards using 10 indicators (including nutrition, child mortality, schooling years, cooking fuel, sanitation, drinking water, electricity, housing, and assets).
• National MPI Additional Indicators (TGPSC / NITI Aayog Focus):
  • NITI Aayog added Maternal Health (under Health) and Bank Account (under Living Standards) to construct India's 12-indicator National MPI.

6. analysis.pdf Exam Analysis

• Priority: HIGH (Unit 9.3 is a core conceptual and quantitative subtopic tested regularly in civil services economics papers).
• Frequently Tested Subtopics:
  1. HDI Structure: 3 Dimensions (Health, Education, Income), 4 Indicators, Geometric Mean method, and India's rank/score (130–134 rank, 0.685 score).
  2. National MPI Metrics (NITI Aayog): 12 indicators, NFHS-5 data, Telangana's poverty rate (5.88%), and Bihar vs. Kerala rankings.
  3. PQLI vs. HDI: Morris D. Morris (PQLI) vs. Mahbub-ul-Haq/Amartya Sen (HDI), and PQLI's exclusion of income.
  4. Gender Metrics: GII (3 dimensions, 0 to 1 scale) vs. GDI (Female/Male HDI ratio).
  5. Telangana Human Development Milestones: 2017 First State HDR and 2023 National MPI progress figures.
• Common Question Patterns: Direct factual questions on index ranks/scores, multi-statement verification on MPI indicators, matching indices with developers/agencies, and state-level poverty comparisons.
• Factual / Conceptual / Numerical / Statement Tendency: Heavily Statement-Based Conceptual combined with Exact Numerical Rankings & Percentages (5.88% TS MPI, 0.685 India HDI score, 12 National MPI indicators).
• Simple Frequency Terms: HDI Dimensions & India Rank (Very Frequent); Multidimensional Poverty Index (National & TS) (Very Frequent); PQLI vs HDI Distinctions (Frequent); Gender Equality Metrics (GII/GDI) (Frequent).

7. Exam Traps

• Confusion: Believing that PQLI includes Per Capita Income or GDP as one of its dimensions. → Correct understanding: PQLI does NOT include income. It relies strictly on non-income physical variables: Infant Mortality Rate, Life Expectancy at Age 1, and Basic Literacy.

• Confusion: Assuming that Life Expectancy in PQLI is measured at birth. → Correct understanding: In PQLI, Life Expectancy is measured at Age 1. Life Expectancy at Birth is used in the HDI.

• Confusion: Believing that the post-2010 HDI is calculated using the simple Arithmetic Mean of its three dimension indices. → Correct understanding: Since 2010, HDI is calculated using the Geometric Mean of the three dimension indices to prevent perfect substitutability across dimensions.

• Confusion: Assuming that NITI Aayog's National MPI and the Global MPI use the exact same 10 indicators. → Correct understanding: National MPI uses 12 indicators by adding Maternal Health and Bank Account to the 10 global indicators.

• Confusion: Believing that a higher Gender Inequality Index (GII) score reflects greater gender equality. → Correct understanding: GII ranges from 0 to 1, where 0 represents perfect equality and 1 represents extreme inequality. Therefore, a lower score means better gender equality.

8. Rapid Revision

1. Human Development Concept: Widening human choices and capabilities (Mahbub-ul-Haq & Amartya Sen, 1990).
2. PQLI Developer: Morris David Morris (1979) for Overseas Development Council.
3. PQLI Indicators: Infant Mortality Rate, Life Expectancy at Age 1, Basic Literacy Rate (No Income).
4. HDI Dimensions: Health (Life Expectancy at Birth), Education (Mean & Expected Schooling Years), Income (GNI per capita PPP).
5. HDI Math Formula: Geometric Mean of 3 dimension indices: (Health * Edu * Income)^(1/3).
6. India HDI Rank & Score: Rank 130 to 134 / Score 0.685 (Medium Human Development).
7. IHDI (Inequality-adjusted HDI): Discounts HDI for internal inequalities across population groups.
8. Global MPI Launch: 2010 by UNDP & OPHI (3 dimensions, 10 indicators).
9. Global MPI Cutoff: Deprived in 33.33% (1/3rd) or more of weighted indicators.
10. National MPI (NITI Aayog): Uses 12 indicators (added Maternal Health & Bank Account) via NFHS data.
11. Telangana Multidimensional Poverty (NFHS-5 / 2023 Review): 5.88% Headcount Ratio (Intensity: 31.25%).
12. Lowest MPI State: Kerala (0.55% - 0.71%); Highest MPI State: Bihar (33.76%).
13. GII (Gender Inequality Index): 3 dimensions (Reproductive Health, Empowerment, Labor Participation); 0 = Equality, 1 = Inequality.
14. India GII Score & Rank: Score 0.403 / Rank 102 to 108.
15. GDI (Gender Development Index): Ratio of Female HDI / Male HDI.
16. Telangana First State HDR: Published in 2017.
17. Gross National Happiness (GNH): Bhutan (1972) based on 4 pillars.
18. Green GDP: Traditional GDP minus environmental degradation and resource depletion costs.
19. World Happiness Report: Published annually by UN SDSN (India rank ~126th).
20. National MPI Nodal Body: NITI Aayog.