1. Conceptual Foundation

Meaning and Purpose

Government schemes in Agriculture, Farmers Welfare, and Rural Development are designed to transition Indian agriculture from subsistence farming into a sustainable, commercially viable, and risk-resilient sector. Their primary purpose is four-fold:

1. Income Security & Direct Support: Supplementing farm household incomes to mitigate agrarian distress and prevent distress sales (e.g., PM-KISAN).
2. Livelihood & Right-Based Employment: Guaranteeing minimum wage employment to rural unskilled labor to halt distress migration and build durable community infrastructure (e.g., MGNREGA).
3. Risk Management & Credit Delivery: Protecting farmers against climate-induced crop failures and non-institutional debt traps (e.g., PMFBY, Kisan Credit Card).
4. Market & Post-Harvest Infrastructure: Creating unified national markets and post-harvest storage facilities to minimize post-harvest losses and ensure price discovery (e.g., e-NAM, Agriculture Infrastructure Fund).

Importance

In competitive examinations (TGPSC / UPSC / State Exams), Unit 14.1 represents a core, high-yield module. Questions regularly evaluate:

1. Right-Based Wage Guarantee: Statutory provisions, wage-material ratios, social audits, and unemployment allowance rules under MGNREGA 2005.
2. Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) Frameworks: Financial outlays, installments, and exclusion criteria under PM-KISAN.
3. Comprehensive Crop Insurance: Premium rate slabs (Kharif, Rabi, Commercial/Horticultural) and risk coverage stages under PMFBY.
4. Institutional Farm Credit: Interest subvention rates, collateral-free credit limits, and coverage expansion under the Kisan Credit Card (KCC) scheme.
5. Agri-Marketing & Post-Harvest Funds: Platform features of e-NAM and credit guarantee/interest subvention terms under the Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF).

How Concepts Connect

1. Agrarian Volatility to Income Cushion: Fluctuating market prices and climate vulnerabilities reduce farm profitability -> PM-KISAN provides unconditional baseline income support -> PMFBY cushions against catastrophic crop loss -> PM-KMY provides long-term social security pensions in old age.
2. Off-Season Distress to Guaranteed Employment: Seasonal unemployment during non-crop months causes rural migration -> MGNREGA provides 100 days of guaranteed unskilled manual work -> Focuses on water conservation and land development assets -> Enhances agricultural productivity for small and marginal farmers.
3. Market Fragmentation to Unified National Markets: Local APMC mandis restrict price discovery and levy market fees -> e-NAM links APMCs on an electronic platform -> AIF finances cold storage and pack houses at the mandi level -> Farmers get fair price realization based on quality testing.
4. Non-Institutional Debt to Formal Credit Flow: High interest rates by local moneylenders trap small farmers -> Kisan Credit Card (KCC) provides concessional short-term crop loans (at 4% effective interest) -> Extended to livestock and fisheries to diversify rural income streams.

                    RURAL & FARMER WELFARE INTEGRATED ARCHITECTURE
                                          |
     +------------------------------------+------------------------------------+
     |                                                                         |
INCOME, EMPLOYMENT & SOCIAL SECURITY                               RISK, CREDIT & MARKET INFRASTRUCTURE
     |                                                                         |
     +---> Wage Employment Guarantee                                           +---> Crop Risk & Insurance Management
     |      |---> MGNREGA 2005 (100 Days Right-based Work)                     |      |---> PMFBY (Kharif 2%, Rabi 1.5%, Commercial 5%)
     |      |---> 60:40 Wage-Material Ratio & Mandatory Social Audit            |      |---> Restructured Weather-Based Crop Insurance
     |                                                                         |
     +---> Direct Income Support & Pensions                                    +---> Concessional Farm Credit Flow
     |      |---> PM-KISAN (₹6,000/year in 3 Installments via DBT)             |      |---> Kisan Credit Card (4% Net Interest with Subvention)
     |      |---> PM-KMY (₹3,000/month Pension for SMFs aged 18-40)            |      |---> Collateral-free limit up to ₹1.6 Lakh
     |                                                                         |
     +---> Livelihood & Self-Employment                                        +---> Agri-Marketing & Infrastructure
            |---> DAY-NRLM / Ajeevika (SHG Cluster Financing)                         |---> e-NAM (Pan-India Electronic Mandi Integration)
            |---> Swamitva Scheme (Drone Mapping & Property Cards)                    |---> Agri Infrastructure Fund (₹1 Lakh Cr Debt Facility)

Key Terms

1. MGNREGA: Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005, guaranteeing 100 days of wage employment per financial year to rural households willing to do unskilled manual work.
2. PM-KISAN: Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi, a Central Sector Scheme providing Rs 6,000 per year income support to landholding farmer families.
3. PMFBY: Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana, a comprehensive crop insurance scheme offering uniform low premium rates for farmers.
4. Kisan Credit Card (KCC): A single-window credit delivery scheme providing short-term formal credit for crop production, post-harvest expenses, and farm asset maintenance.
5. e-NAM: National Agriculture Market, a pan-India electronic trading portal connecting existing APMC mandis to create a unified national market for agricultural commodities.
6. Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF): A medium-to-long term debt financing facility of Rs 1 Lakh Crore for post-harvest management infrastructure and community farming assets.
7. PM-KMY: Pradhan Mantri Kisan Maan-Dhan Yojana, a voluntary, contributory pension scheme providing Rs 3,000 monthly pension to small and marginal farmers after age 60.
8. Unemployment Allowance: Mandatory compensation paid by the State Government under MGNREGA if guaranteed employment is not provided within 15 days of application.
9. PM-AASHA: Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay Sanrakshan Abhiyan, an umbrella scheme ensuring MSP-linked remunerative prices to farmers through physical procurement, price deficiency payments, and private stockists.
10. Interest Subvention Scheme: A government scheme offering 2% interest subvention on short-term crop loans up to Rs 3 Lakh, with an additional 3% subvention for prompt repayment (effective net interest rate = 4%).

Short Timeline of Key Rural & Agricultural Schemes

1. 1998: Introduction of the Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Scheme on the recommendations of the R.V. Gupta Committee.
2. 2005 (August): Enactment of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA).
3. 2006 (February 2): NREGA officially launched nationwide from Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh.
4. 2009 (October 2): NREGA renamed as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA).
5. 2011: Swarnajayati Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) restructured into National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM / Ajeevika).
6. 2015: Launch of PM Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) and Soil Health Card Scheme.
7. 2016 (January): Launch of Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY), replacing NAIS and MNAIS.
8. 2016 (April 14): Launch of e-NAM (National Agriculture Market).
9. 2018: PM-AASHA (Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay Sanrakshan Abhiyan) approved.
10. 2019 (February 24): Launch of PM-KISAN from Gorakhpur, UP (effective Dec 1, 2018).
11. 2019 (September 12): Launch of PM Kisan Maan-Dhan Yojana (PM-KMY) from Ranchi, Jharkhand.
12. 2020: Launch of Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) (Rs 1 Lakh Crore corpus) and PM Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY).
13. 2020 (April 24): Launch of SWAMITVA Scheme for rural residential land mapping via drones.

2. Complete Core Notes

A. Livelihood & Wage Employment: MGNREGA 2005

1. Statutory Mandate & Basic Features

1. Legal Right to Work: Enacted under NREGA 2005, providing a statutory guarantee of 100 days of unskilled manual work per financial year to every rural household whose adult members volunteer to work.
2. Extra Entitlement: Enhanced to 150 days for scheduled tribe/scheduled caste households in notified drought-hit or natural calamity-affected rural areas.
3. Target Group & Gender Reservation: Open to all rural adult members; mandates that at least one-third (33%) of the beneficiaries must be women.
4. Wage Rates & Indexation: Wages are fixed state-wise by the Central Government and are indexed annually to the Consumer Price Index for Agricultural Labourers (CPI-AL).

2. Implementation Rules & Institutional Roles

1. Role of Gram Sabha & Gram Panchayat:
   • Gram Sabha recommends the shelf of projects and conducts mandatory Social Audits.
   • Gram Panchayat registers households, issues Job Cards within 15 days of application, receives work applications, and executes at least 50% of the works in terms of cost.
2. Unemployment Allowance:
   • If work is not provided within 15 days of applying, the applicant is legally entitled to a daily unemployment allowance paid by the concerned State Government.
3. Wage-to-Material Ratio:
   • A strict 60:40 ratio (60% wages for manual labor, 40% material/skilled labor cost) must be maintained at the Gram Panchayat level to maximize direct wage deployment.
4. Prohibitions:
   • Engagement of commercial contractors and labor-displacing heavy machinery is strictly prohibited.
5. Funding Pattern:
   • Central Government bears: 100% of unskilled manual labor wages, 75% of material/skilled labor costs, and a portion of administrative costs.
   • State Government bears: 25% of material/skilled labor costs, 100% of unemployment allowance, and administrative expenses of the State Council.

B. Direct Income Support & Pension Schemes

1. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN)

1. Legal & Funding Nature: Central Sector Scheme with 100% funding from the Government of India, administered by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.
2. Financial Outlay & Delivery: Provides an income support of Rs 6,000 per year to eligible landholding farmer families, payable in three equal installments of Rs 2,000 every four months directly into bank accounts via Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT).
3. Coverage Expansion:
   • Initial Scope (Dec 2018): Covered Small and Marginal Farmer (SMF) families owning cultivable land up to 2 hectares.
   • Revised Scope (June 2019): Extended to all landholding farmer families across the country, irrespective of the size of their land holdings.
4. Institutional Responsibility: The task of identifying eligible beneficiary farmer families rests entirely with the State and Union Territory Governments.
5. Key Exclusion Categories:
   • Institutional landholders.
   • Former and present holders of constitutional posts.
   • Former and present Ministers, MPs, MLAs, Mayors, and Chairpersons of District Panchayats.
   • Serving or retired officers and employees of Central/State Government Ministries, Departments, and PSUs.
   • All retired pensioners whose monthly pension is Rs 10,000 or more.
   • Persons who paid Income Tax in the last assessment year.
   • Professionals (Doctors, Engineers, Lawyers, Chartered Accountants, Architects) registered with professional bodies.

2. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Maan-Dhan Yojana (PM-KMY)

1. Target Beneficiaries: Central Sector Scheme providing old-age social security to Small and Marginal Farmers (SMFs) owning cultivable land up to 2 hectares, aged between 18 and 40 years.
2. Pension Benefit: Assured monthly pension of Rs 3,000 upon attaining the age of 60 years.
3. Contribution Structure:
   • Voluntary and 50:50 matching contributory scheme.
   • Subscriber contributes between Rs 55 and Rs 200 per month (depending on entry age), with an equal matching contribution by the Central Government.
4. Fund Manager: Managed by the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC).

C. Crop Risk Management, Credit & Marketing Schemes

1. Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)

1. Core Objective: Replaced NAIS and MNAIS in 2016 to provide a comprehensive, low-cost crop insurance cover against non-preventable natural risks from pre-sowing to post-harvest stages.
2. Uniform Premium Rates (Paid by Farmer):
   • Kharif Crops (Cereals, Millets, Pulses, Oilseeds): 2.0% of sum insured.
   • Rabi Crops (Cereals, Millets, Pulses, Oilseeds): 1.5% of sum insured.
   • Annual Commercial and Horticultural Crops: 5.0% of sum insured.
3. Subsidy Sharing & Capping:
   • The balance actuarial premium is shared 50:50 between the Central and State Governments.
   • Prohibits upper limits/capping on government premium subsidy, ensuring farmers receive full claims against the sum insured without reduction.
4. Voluntary Nature: Made completely voluntary for all farmers (including loanee farmers who take crop loans from commercial/cooperative banks).

2. Kisan Credit Card (KCC) & Interest Subvention

1. Coverage Scope: Provides short-term formal credit for crop cultivation, post-harvest expenses, farm asset maintenance, household consumption needs, and investment credit for farm machinery.
2. Concessional Interest Mechanism:
   • Baseline interest rate on crop loans up to Rs 3 Lakh is 7.0%.
   • Government provides a 2% Interest Subvention to lending institutions.
   • Farmers demonstrating prompt repayment receive an additional 3% Prompt Repayment Incentive (PRI), bringing the effective net interest rate down to 4.0%.
3. Collateral & Sectoral Limits:
   • Collateral-free loan limit stands at Rs 1.60 Lakh.
   • Scheme extended in 2018–19 to cover Animal Husbandry, Dairying, and Fisheries activities.

3. Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF, 2020)

1. Financial Outlay: Rs 1 Lakh Crore medium-to-long term debt financing facility operationalized from FY 2020 to FY 2032.
2. Eligible Projects: Construction of post-harvest infrastructure (cold storage, warehouses, pack houses, assaying units) and community farming assets.
3. Financial Benefits:
   • All loans under this facility receive an Interest Subvention of 3% per annum up to a limit of Rs 2 Crore for a maximum period of 7 years.
   • Credit guarantee coverage under CGTMSE for loans up to Rs 2 Crore.

4. National Agriculture Market (e-NAM)

1. Pan-India Digital Portal: Launched on April 14, 2016, as an electronic trading platform connecting existing physical APMC mandis into a unified national market.
2. Implementing Agency: Small Farmers Agribusiness Consortium (SFAC) under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.
3. Key Modules: Integrates e-NWRs (Negotiable Warehouse Receipts), FPO trading modules, and logistics aggregators to eliminate physical travel and middlemen.

D. Plain-Text Formulas & Relationships

1. PMFBY Actuarial Subsidy Burden Formula: Total Government Premium Subsidy = Total Actuarial Premium Rate (%) - Farmer Premium Share (2% Kharif / 1.5% Rabi / 5% Commercial) Central / State Share = 50% * Total Government Premium Subsidy

2. Effective KCC Concessional Interest Rate: Effective Net KCC Interest = Baseline Rate (7%) - Prompt Repayment Subvention (3%) = 4%

3. MGNREGA Minimum Wage-to-Material Ratio: Work Site Cost Ratio = Minimum 60% Unskilled Wage Component : Maximum 40% Material & Skilled Component

3. Key Concepts & Distinctions

Table 1: Wage Employment (MGNREGA) vs. Income Support (PM-KISAN) vs. Pension (PM-KMY)

Table 2: PMFBY Crop Insurance Premium Rates vs. Risk Coverage

Table 3: APMC Mandis vs. e-NAM Electronic Market

4. Important One-Liners

1. NREGA 2005 was officially notified on February 2, 2006, and renamed MGNREGA on October 2, 2009.
2. MGNREGA legally guarantees 100 days of unskilled manual work per financial year to rural households.
3. Under MGNREGA, at least 33% (one-third) of the beneficiaries must be women.
4. Under MGNREGA, if employment is not provided within 15 days, the State Government must pay an Unemployment Allowance.
5. MGNREGA wage rates are indexed annually to the Consumer Price Index for Agricultural Labourers (CPI-AL).
6. A mandatory 60:40 wage-to-material ratio must be maintained for all works executed under MGNREGA.
7. Mandatory Social Audits under MGNREGA are conducted by the Gram Sabha.
8. PM-KISAN was launched on February 24, 2019 (from Gorakhpur, UP) with retrospective effect from December 1, 2018.
9. PM-KISAN provides Rs 6,000 annually in three equal installments of Rs 2,000 every 4 months via Direct Benefit Transfer.
10. PM-KISAN is a Central Sector Scheme with 100% funding by the Central Government.
11. The identification of beneficiary landholding families under PM-KISAN is the responsibility of State/UT Governments.
12. Pensioners with a monthly pension of Rs 10,000 or more and Income Tax payers are excluded from PM-KISAN.
13. PM-KMY provides an assured monthly pension of Rs 3,000 to Small & Marginal Farmers after reaching 60 years of age.
14. PM-KMY applies to Small & Marginal Farmers aged 18 to 40 years holding up to 2 hectares of cultivable land.
15. The pension fund under PM-KMY is managed by the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC).
16. PMFBY was launched in 2016, replacing the earlier NAIS and Modified NAIS schemes.
17. The farmer's premium under PMFBY is 2.0% for Kharif crops, 1.5% for Rabi crops, and 5.0% for Commercial/Horticultural crops.
18. Government premium subsidy under PMFBY is shared 50:50 between the Centre and State Governments.
19. PMFBY crop insurance has been made 100% voluntary for all farmers, including loanee farmers.
20. The Kisan Credit Card (KCC) scheme was introduced in 1998 on the recommendations of the R.V. Gupta Committee.
21. Baseline interest rate on short-term crop loans up to Rs 3 Lakh under KCC is 7%, which drops to an effective 4% upon prompt repayment.
22. The collateral-free loan limit under the Kisan Credit Card scheme is Rs 1.60 Lakh.
23. KCC facility was extended to Animal Husbandry, Dairying, and Fisheries in 2018–19.
24. e-NAM was launched on April 14, 2016, as a pan-India electronic trading portal for APMC mandis.
25. The nodal agency implementing e-NAM is the Small Farmers Agribusiness Consortium (SFAC).
26. The Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) provides a Rs 1 Lakh Crore debt facility with a 3% interest subvention up to Rs 2 Crore for 7 years.
27. PM-AASHA comprises three components: Price Support Scheme (PSS), Price Deficiency Payment Scheme (PDPS), and PPSS.
28. The SWAMITVA Scheme was launched on April 24, 2020 (Panchayati Raj Diwas) to map rural inhabited land using drone technology.
29. The DAY-NRLM (Ajeevika) scheme provides revolving funds and Community Investment Support Funds to Self-Help Groups (SHGs).
30. The National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013 legally entitles 67% of India's population (75% rural, 50% urban) to subsidized food grains.

5. PYQ-Based Bits

• MGNREGA Guarantee and Funding Rules:
  • MGNREGA provides a legal guarantee of 100 days of unskilled manual work per household. State governments pay the unemployment allowance if work is not given within 15 days, while the Centre funds 100% of unskilled wages.
• PM-KISAN Scope and Financial Installments:
  • PM-KISAN is 100% Centre-funded (Central Sector), transferring Rs 6,000 per year in 3 equal installments of Rs 2,000. It covers all landholding farmer families regardless of land size, but excludes pensioners (>Rs 10,000/month) and income tax payers.
• PMFBY Premium Slabs and Capping:
  • PMFBY sets uniform low rates: 2% for Kharif, 1.5% for Rabi, and 5% for Annual Commercial/Horticultural crops. Capping on government premium subsidy has been removed to ensure full claim payouts.
• Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Concessional Rates:
  • Short-term credit under KCC carries a 7% interest rate, reduced to 4% with a 3% prompt repayment incentive. The collateral-free limit is Rs 1.6 Lakh, and coverage extends to livestock and fisheries.
• Agri Investment vs. Consumption Subsidies:
  • Computerization of Primary Agriculture Credit Societies (PACS), social capital development, and building cold storage facilities by the government constitute Public Investment in Agriculture (creating capital assets), whereas loan waivers, free electricity, and MSP price fixing are consumption/income subsidies.
• e-NAM Integration:
  • e-NAM creates a single-window pan-India electronic market linking physical APMC mandis, managed by SFAC, ensuring quality-based online price discovery and reduced transaction costs.

6. Exam Analysis

• Priority: HIGH (Unit 14.1 is a top-priority module within National Welfare Schemes, contributing heavily to competitive economics papers with around 2–4 questions per exam cycle).
• Frequently Tested Subtopics:
  1. MGNREGA 2005 (100 days guarantee, 15-day unemployment allowance rule, 60:40 wage-material ratio, Gram Sabha social audit) (Very Frequent).
  2. PM-KISAN (Rs 6,000 DBT outlay, 3 installments, exclusion criteria, universal landholding coverage) (Very Frequent).
  3. PMFBY (2% Kharif, 1.5% Rabi, 5% Commercial premium slabs; 50:50 Centre-State subsidy share) (Very Frequent).
  4. Kisan Credit Card & Interest Subvention (4% effective interest rate, Rs 1.6 Lakh collateral-free limit) (Frequent).
  5. e-NAM, Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF), and PM-AASHA procurement modes (Frequent).
• Common Question Patterns:
  • Launch years and statutory backing matching (e.g., MGNREGA 2005, PMFBY 2016, e-NAM 2016, PM-KISAN 2019).
  • Numerical threshold and outlay verification (Rs 6,000 PM-KISAN, Rs 3,000 PM-KMY pension, 100/150 days MGNREGA, 2%/1.5%/5% PMFBY premiums).
  • Multi-statement assertions on scheme exclusion rules and implementing agencies (e.g., state role in PM-KISAN identification; SFAC role in e-NAM).
• Factual / Conceptual / Numerical / Statement Tendency: High concentration of Exact Numerical Outlays (Rs 6,000, Rs 3,000, Rs 1 Lakh Crore AIF), Dates/Years (2005, 2016, 2019, 2020), and Percentage Thresholds (33% women reservation, 60:40 ratio, 2%/1.5%/5% premiums, 4% net interest).

7. Exam Traps

• Confusion: Believing that MGNREGA guarantees 100 days of employment to every individual in a rural area. → Correct understanding: MGNREGA guarantees 100 days of unskilled manual work per rural household, not per individual.

• Confusion: Assuming that PM-KISAN is restricted only to Small and Marginal Farmers holding up to 2 hectares of land. → Correct understanding: While initially restricted to SMFs, PM-KISAN was expanded in June 2019 to cover ALL landholding farmer families regardless of landholding size.

• Confusion: Believing that the Unemployment Allowance under MGNREGA is paid by the Central Government. → Correct understanding: While the Central Government pays 100% of unskilled wages, the Unemployment Allowance (if work is not provided within 15 days) must be paid entirely by the State Government.

• Confusion: Assuming that crop insurance under PMFBY remains mandatory for loanee farmers who take bank crop loans. → Correct understanding: Enrollment under PMFBY has been made 100% voluntary for ALL farmers, including loanee farmers.

• Confusion: Believing that e-NAM replaces or physically abolishes APMC mandis. → Correct understanding: e-NAM does NOT abolish APMC mandis; it networks physical APMC mandis electronically to facilitate online bidding and pan-India price discovery.

8. Rapid Revision

1. MGNREGA Enactment: Enacted August 2005, launched Feb 2, 2006, renamed Oct 2, 2009.
2. MGNREGA Guarantee: 100 days unskilled wage employment per rural household per year (150 days in drought areas).
3. MGNREGA Allowance: State pays Unemployment Allowance if work is not given within 15 days of application.
4. MGNREGA Women Cap: Minimum 33% (one-third) reservation for women workers.
5. MGNREGA Cost Ratio: 60:40 wage-to-material ratio at the Gram Panchayat level.
6. MGNREGA Indexation: Wages indexed annually to CPI-AL (Agricultural Labourers).
7. PM-KISAN Launch: Launched Feb 24, 2019 (retrospective from Dec 1, 2018).
8. PM-KISAN Benefit: Rs 6,000 / year in 3 equal installments of Rs 2,000 every 4 months via DBT.
9. PM-KISAN Scope: Covers all landholding farmer families (State GoI identifies beneficiaries).
10. PM-KISAN Exclusion: Excludes institutional landholders, income tax payers, and pensioners with >= Rs 10,000/month pension.
11. PM-KMY Pension: Rs 3,000 / month pension after age 60 for SMFs (aged 18–40, land <= 2 ha).
12. PMFBY Launch: Launched 2016 (replacing NAIS / MNAIS); voluntary for all farmers.
13. PMFBY Premium - Kharif: 2.0% of sum insured.
14. PMFBY Premium - Rabi: 1.5% of sum insured.
15. PMFBY Premium - Commercial: 5.0% of sum insured.
16. KCC Introduction: Introduced 1998 (R.V. Gupta Committee).
17. KCC Effective Interest: 4% net interest (7% base - 3% prompt repayment subvention).
18. KCC Collateral Limit: Rs 1.60 Lakh collateral-free credit limit.
19. e-NAM Launch: April 14, 2016 (pan-India electronic APMC integration portal).
20. e-NAM Nodal Agency: Small Farmers Agribusiness Consortium (SFAC).
21. Agri Infrastructure Fund: Rs 1 Lakh Crore facility; 3% interest subvention up to Rs 2 Cr for 7 years.
22. SWAMITVA Scheme: Launched April 24, 2020 for drone mapping of rural residential land.